/JPJ /bxnDd /SY: lFf n filosafi
lFf n wxks
YlHO
best nOn Az wun v H mOst impPtant plErFts in modDn histDi, /JPJ /bxnDd /SY woz
YlsO inflUenSal in H relmz v palitikal, mVzikal, Ikanomikal, riliJas n dramAtik
kritisizamz. hiz esEz n Analitikal diskuSanz, Az wel Az hiz plEz, prizent
distiNktiv, penatrEtiN, n ofan unPTadoks FdWz hMz relavans iz stil aplikabal
tadE.
/JPJ
/bxnDd /SY woz bPn in /dublin, /FDland, JMlF 26, 1856 n dFd on nOvembD 2, 1950.
hiz muHD, a siND, Opand him up t H wxld v mVzik At an xli EJ. hI mMvd t /lundan
At H EJ v twenti n HX hI bigAn (YlHO not mIniN t At fxst) hiz litDeri karC.
yftD 1879 hI txnd t prOz fikSan. hI rOt fFv novalz, mOst publiSt in sOSalist
pEpDz Hen lEtD Az bUks. from 1884 t 1895 hI woz a mVzik kritik in sevDal
/lundan pCiodikalz, sum v wic wx veri prominant. hI YlsO sxvd Az a dryma kritik
from 1895 t 1898.
djUDiN
His tFm hI bigAn t divelap an intDest in sOSalizm. hI Jqnd H /fEbian /sasFati
in 1884; lxnd t RgV, dibEt, lekcD n propagAndFz. At His tFm iNgliS-spIkiN TWtDz
n Ydiansiz wx akustamd t sentimental meladryma. fFndiN nObodi els t sAtisfF hiz
nIdz fP sCias modDn plEz, hI bigAn t rFt hiz On. in 1898 hI publiSt hiz fxst
siks plEz tageHD in "plEz plezant n unplezant", hiz fxst plE in H
kalekSan, "widODz' hQziz", bIiN pradVst in 1892. H uHDz, "H
/filAndDD" (1893), "misiz /woran'z prafeSan" (1893), "Rmz n
H mAn", "kAndidy", n "V nevD kAn tel" (1896), folOd in
rApid sakseSan. H pradukSanz n publikESanz v HIz plEz kYt H atenSan v H publik
C.
/SY'Z
nekst volVm, "TrI plEz fP pjUDitanz" (1901), inklMdid "H /devalz
disFpal" (1897), "/sIzD n /klWpytra" (1899), n "kAptin
/brysbQnd'z konvxZan" (1900). nekst H indiviJUal plEz, "mAn n
/sMpDmAn", "/Jon /bUl'z uHD Fland" (1904), n "mEJD /bRbDa"
(1905) wx YlsO risIvd wiH inTMziAstik risponsiz.
OvD
H kPs v hiz dramAtik QtpUt hI bigAn t plEs mP emfasis on ikspresiN hiz On
doktDinz n les emfasis on AkcUal komadi, stPi P plot. wiH H plE "mAn n
/sMpDmAn" hI iksprest hiz FdWz mP dFrektli HAn in H prIvias wxks. His plE
kUd bI sed t bI H biginiN pqnt v hiz eksplqtESan v hiz Rt Az a plErFt Az a mInz
t 'prOklEm hiz gospal' n prizent hiz filosafi.
/SY'z
mOst saksesfal plE, "/pigmAlian", woz publiSt in 1913. YlHO H mVzikal
"mF fX lEfi", bEst on His plE, hAz gEnd mP atenSan HAn H ariJinal
wxk, meni kritiks hAv felt it woz a vulgD dibEsmant v modDn TWtD n /SY.
in
H midst v /wxld /wY /wun hI rOt wun v hiz mystDpIsiz, "/hRtbrEk /hQs"
(1917), a TiAtrikal imiJ v H kalAps v sivilFzESan. /SY'z loNgist n mOst AmbiSas
plE, "bAk t /maTMzla", folOd His in 1920. "sEnt /JOn",
/SY'z trItmant v H ivents arQnd H historikal figD /JOn v /Rk, woz publiSt in
1923.
in
1925 /SY wun H nObel prFz fP litDacD n went on rFtiN plEz YlmOst until hiz deT
At H EJ v 94, hQevD nun v H lEtD wxks inJqd wFd sakses.
in
JenDal, it iz H kwolati v hiz FdWz HAt hAz alQd hiz Ydians t OvDlUk H flYz in
hiz plEz: HX wxdinas, HX iksesivli Rgjamentativ Aspekts, HX lAk v stroN abzPbiN
stPi, HX Absans v stroN, obJektiv kAraktDFzESan.
bikoz
hiz fxst plEz wx not rigRdid Az publiSabal Ftamz, /SY disFdid t mEk Hem sO bF
AdiN tM rekagnFsabal fIcDz: rIdabal, novalistik stEJ dFrekSanz n H loN prefatDi
esE, wic bikEm hiz trEdmRk.
fxst,
H ilAbDat n dItEld stEJ dFrekSanz kontEn muc bAkgrQnd infDmESan abQt H sInz P
kAraktDz HAt ofan kAnot bI iksprest in a stEJ invFrament. fP igzympal in
"mAn n /sMpDmAn", Akt II, hI diskrFbz H entrans v a nV kAraktD,
/hektD /malOn Az folOz: "/hektD /melOn iz an IstDn amerikan, but hI iz not
At Yl aSEmd v hiz nASanAlati... wen hI fFndz [iNgliS] pIpal cAtDiN hRmlasli
abQt /AnatOl /fryns n /nIca, hI devastEts Hen wiH /mATV /Rnald, H YtakrAt v H
brekfast tEbal, n Ivan /makYli; n hI iz divQtli riliJas At botam, hI fxst lIdz
H unwXi, bF hVmDas irevDans, t lIv popjalD TiolaJi Qt v akQnt in diskusiN moral
kwescanz wiH him, n Hen skAtDz Hem in konfVZan bF dimyndiN weHD H kAriiN Qt v
hiz FdIlz v kondukt woz not H mAnifest obJekt v /god YlmFti in kriEtiN onist
men n pjUD wimin". H mOst probabal rIzanz fP HIz OvDli leNTi intradukSanz
woz fP H inJqmant v H soliteri rIdD n t fxHD inhyns H pDfPmans v strEt rIdiNz v
hiz plEz.
sekand,
mOst v H doktDin /SY wiSt t ikspres in a plE wUd bI QtlFnd in hiz prefDatri
esEz. mOst v HIz esEz kAn stAnd wiHQt H plE HE akumpani fP rIdiN inJqmant P
studi. it iz HIz wel-ritan, TYt-pravOkiN wxks HAt hAv SPli kontribjatid t hiz
stEtas Az wun v H grEt TiNkDz n rFtDz in H histDi v H iNgliS lANgwiJ.
wFl
liviN in /lundan in H 1870z, /SY sapOzadli mEd an Yl-nFt wYk akros H siti not
loN yftD hI hAd gon t liv HX. on HAt rimRkabal wYk /SY sY H spred v slumz TrM H
dRkand siti n ditxmind hiz tysk in lFf wUd bI H iliminESan v povDti.
OvD
H kPs v hiz lFf, hI pondDd n bilIvd hI hAd diskuvDd salMSanz fP meni v mAn'z
ilz. hI felt HAt H mOst ifiSant wE t ikspres HIz FdWz v sAlvESan woz TrM hiz
rFtiNz.
meni
kritiks v /SY hAv mEd H RgjUmant HAt Rt's pxpas iz t kamVnikEt a sens v hVman
ikspCians n not t tIc P prIc. /SY hAz rivoltid agenst His vVpqnt. His kwoliti
SUd bI kept in mFnd wen JuJiN hiz plEz. "prFmerali, HE R not plEz: HE R
trAkts in dramAtik fPmz". hI rigRdz sOSal kritisizam Az H mOst impPtant
fuNkSan v Yl Rt.
/SY
konsistantli atAkt H reprihensabal vxZanz v marAlati hI sY in H litDeri sasFati
arQnd him. wot hI ment bF His woz H glPifikESan, TrM fols imOSanalizam, v FdWz
n AkSanz falESas P reprihensabal in Hemselvz. hI felt suc glPifikESan, wic hI
YlsO kYld "rOmAns" P "FdWlizam", distrqz riAliti n
substitVts a drIm. hI RgVd HAt litDacD SUd imitEt lFf sO HAt wI mFt Akt on it
ryHD HAn on sum misintxpritESan v lFf. YlsO "mDAlati" mInz abIdians t
fPmjalEtid stAmdDdz from QtsFd wunself. hI bilIvd wI must get rid v His fPm v
mDAlati bifP wI kAn evD hOp t dM wot iz rFt fP Rselvz. hI sez it iz betD t dM
Ival n bI trM t jPselvz HAn t dinF jP dIpist impulsiz. hI bilIvd HAt mAn'z
impulsiz R nAcDali gUd n SUd bI libDEtid. Hus hI fFndz HAt sasFatal puniSmant
duz mP hRm HAn gUd, n ripreSan, hI bilIvz, iz H kYz v mP Ival HAn H dFrekt
ikspreSan v R On hVman nEcD.
in
H "gospal akPdiN t /SY" it iz not H luv v muni HAt iz H rMt v Yl
Ival, ryHD H lAk v muni HAt iz H rMt v Yl Ival. hI RgVz HAt wiHQt muni, dIsansi
iz imposabal. Hus /SY hAz a lO estimESan v H kApitalist sistam sins it lIvs an
intFD klys v pIpal pP. hI rekamendz a sEnli PganFzd sOSalistik sasFati in wic
evDi mAn'z iNkum woz gArantId n H iNkum v H nESan wUd bI divFdid intM Ikwal
SXz. v kPs evDiwun wil hAv t wxk, n R lRJ pArasFt klysiz wil bI dun awE wiH.
YlHO
/SY klEmd xli on t bI an ETiist, hiz lEtD wxks sIm t prizent bilIf in an
igzistant, YlbIit unPTadoks, /god. His god iz H lFf fPs, H OvDwelmiN pQD bihFnd
H Vnivxs, krIESan, IvalMSan, n Ivan /JIzaz /krFst. it iz not a pxsanal pQD but
iz presant wXevD lFf iz konSas. H histDi v IvalMSan, in /SY'z Fz, hAz bIn H
histDi v lFf PganFziN intM hFD fPmz n, At H kurant tFm, hAz rIct its hFist
ikspreSan in H mFnd v H filasofik hVman: H lFf HAt kontamplEts its On
igzistans. /SY'z /god was stil ivolviN in hiz Fz. muc v hiz wxk implFz H nId fP
H Ydians t bikum filasofikal, n fOkas, TrM edjakESan n sekSUal salekSan, t
pradVs H nekst stEJ in lFf fPs IvalMSan: H pxfekt mAn P "sMpDmAn". hI
folOz H FdWz v /lamRkian IvalMSan in wic an Pganizam SXz in H dFrekSan v its On
cEnJ. if mAn fElz t gFd himself t a hFD lFf fPm, /god wil ivencali skrAp hiz
efDts n H kozmik prOses wil mMv on.
/SY
vVd seks Az a riliJas fPs t pradVs H pxfekt mAn, P /sMpDmAn Az it iz kYld in
"mAn n /sMpDmAn". mAriJ iz Onli a mInz t an end, H end bIiN
rIpradukSan, n fP His rIzan hI simpli folts H unnesaseri lYz n sasFatal
ekspektESanz plEst on mAriJ fP ristriktiN H indipendans n patenSal ikspreSan v
Ic indiviJUal.
/JPJ
/bxnDd /SY sY H wxld Az impxfekt n despDatli in nId v sum cEnJiz t stC it rFt
agen. hI woz nevD SF abQt ofDiN hiz solMSanz t H mesiz hI sY. weHD it woz
simpli cEnJiN H propDti P mAriJ lYz, rIPganFziN guvDmant, P mP vEg prOsesiz lFk
rimMviN limits t sekSUal salekSan, n dFrektiN R konSasnas t H leval v H
"/sMpDmAn", hiz FdIlz hAv afektid H intendid Ydians n kYzd meni pIpal
t konsidD Hem sCiasli, HX inflUansiz stil rizQndiN in filasofik n TiAtrikal
sxkalz up t H presant dE.
/edwDd /p. /grigasi,
Ygast 1995
(trAnzlitDEtid bF /hV /bxkenhed, 1998)